METABOLISM TESTS
Urea: Its levels increase in renal function failure. Levels decrease during dietary protein intake, severe liver failure, and pregnancy.
Creatinine: While kidney dysfunction, shock, dehydration, hyperthyroidism, acromegaly, muscle diseases and meat-type protein intake increase blood creatinine levels, these values may decrease in decreased muscle mass, severe liver disease, insufficient protein intake and pregnancy.
Complete Urine Analysis: PH, sugar, protein, albumin, nitrite, ketone, urobulin, urobilinogen, color changes in the urine are examined and density measurement is performed. Then, the urine sediment obtained by spinning it in a centrifuge is investigated one by one for kidney and urinary tract problems such as infection, stones or sand.
Sodium (Na): It is the most important cation of the extracellular fluid in the body. It is used to evaluate fluid-electrolyte and acid-base balance. It regulates normal sodium levels in the blood. It ensures muscle functioning. Examining sodium levels is very important for early diagnosis of blood pressure diseases.
Potassium (K): It is the main cation inside the cell and has a critical role in muscle and nerve activity. Potassium, which is an important parameter of acid-base and electrolyte balance, is very important for early diagnosis of high blood pressure.
Chloride (Cl): It is one of the important indicators of acid-base and electrolyte balance. It may increase in cases of dehydration, diabetes insipidus, Cushing’s syndrome, alkalosis, metabolic acidosis (as a result of long-term diarrhea) and some cases of renal failure.
Calcium Excreted in Urine: Blood calcium excreted in urine is analyzed for screening, diagnosis and monitoring of diseases related to bones, heart, nerves, kidneys and teeth.
Keratin Excreted in Urine: The ratio of calcium excreted in urine to creatinine excreted in urine is a practical test used in the diagnosis and follow-up of osteoporosis.
24-Hour Protein Clearance in Urine: Diabetes disease impairs kidney functions in the later stages. It is a kidney function test performed to reveal the degree of this effect in urine collected for 24 hours in order to examine this condition.
Protein Electrophoresis: In the presence of symptoms suggestive of liver or kidney diseases or in the presence of symptoms such as fluid retention (edema) in the tissues, it may be ordered along with other tests. Since alcohol use affects protein levels, protein distribution in the body must be evaluated with this method.
Blood Sugar (Glucose): Used to diagnose diabetes and evaluate carbohydrate metabolism.
HbA1c (Gluco-hemoglobin): It is one of the indicators of metabolism and general health. It reveals the danger level of diabetes and arteriosclerosis for the body.
Uric Acid: Used in the diagnosis and follow-up of gout disease.
Helicobacter Pylori: It has been determined that this bacterium, along with acid, is the most powerful factor that plays a role in ulcer formation. Bacteria cause stomach ulcers by both reducing protective factors and increasing the strength of stomach acid. It increases in people with excessive acid secretion, stomach ulcers, stomach cancer and duodenal ulcers.
BLOOD LIPIDS PANEL
It is performed to determine the fat and cholesterol ratios in the blood and to determine the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Total Cholesterol: Cholesterol is an important part of the lipid profile. It is useful for assessing the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.
HDL Cholesterol (good): When HDL level is elevated, it increases its protective properties against coronary heart diseases. Decreased HDL levels together with high triglycerides indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
LDL Cholesterol (bad): High levels of LDL cholesterol (low density) indicate an increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
VLDL Cholesterol (very low = very low): It is a type of very low density cholesterol. It is not as dangerous as LDL cholesterol.
Triglyceride: It is the main fat element in blood plasma. Increased triglyceride and cholesterol together is an important indicator for arteriosclerosis
LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
The functioning of the liver is evaluated by revealing some important parameters. These;
SGOT (AST): It determines the damage to the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, brain, pancreas, spleen and lung tissues, respectively. Its levels rise within 12 hours after cell damage occurs.
SGPT (ALT): It is primarily used in the diagnosis of liver diseases, as well as in monitoring the treatment of cirrhosis and hepatitis. Its levels increase significantly in severe shocks, heart failure and major trauma. Its levels increase significantly in cases of obstructive jaundice, liver tumors, extensive myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy, preeclampsia, muscle trauma, fatty liver, chronic alcohol use, severe burns and severe pancreatitis.
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT): GGT is an enzyme mainly derived from the kidney, liver and pancreas. Although it is more concentrated in the kidney, it is generally used in the evaluation of liver pathologies. It is a marker in the diagnosis of liver diseases, colon and breast cancers.
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): It is important in the evaluation of liver and bone diseases. It increases in liver diseases such as gallbladder diseases, cirrhosis, hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, Paget’s Disease, metastatic bone tumors and bone fractures.
Total Bilirubin: An increase in serum bilirubin levels occurs when there is excessive destruction of erythrocytes or when the liver cannot excrete the normal amount of bilirubin produced. It causes yellowish skin color at its height. Direct bilirubin values increase in pancreatic head cancer and common bile duct stones.
Total Protein: Total protein in the blood is generally an examination performed to reveal liver, kidney functions and sometimes the nutritional status of the person.
Albumin: Its amount increases in cases such as acute and chronic inflammations, decreased synthesis capacity of the liver, increased loss on body surfaces such as nephrotic syndrome, burns, trauma, and decreased plasma water concentration.
Globulin: It is used to monitor kidney and liver diseases.
LDH: As a general indicator of the presence and severity of acute or chronic tissue damage, it is sometimes performed to monitor progressive conditions such as some cancers, kidney disease, and liver disease.
CK-MB: It is one of the tests related to heart muscle activities.
HEPATITIS PANEL
HbsAg: A test for the qualitative detection of hepatitis B antigen in humans.
Anti-Hbs: A quantitative test for antibodies to HbsAg. Hbs is an indicator of vaccination and immunity.
Anti-HCV: (Hepatitis C Virus) A qualitative test for the quantitative detection of antibodies to HCV.
HAEMATOLOGICAL TESTS
Hemogram (Complete Blood Count): It is used in the diagnosis of anemia, infection and some blood diseases. Blood count analysis is one of the most frequently requested basic screening tests. Blood count findings provide very important information about blood diseases or other systems.
Leukocytes (white blood cells) are divided into two basic groups: Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils) and others (lymphocytes and monocytes). Leukocytes fight infections in the body and perform phagocytosis.
Blood Group: It is a classification system created to indicate the characteristics of blood by looking at the antibodies in human blood. A, B, AB and 0 types are available.
Sedimentation: It is a test performed to detect infection, chronic or acute diseases in the blood.
The function of erythrocytes (red blood cells) is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and to transport carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. Regarding erythrocytes, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC analyzes are performed. In anemia, erythrocyte count, Hb and Hct values decrease. MCV, MCH, MCHC are valuable in typing anemia.
Platelets are the count of cells involved in blood clotting and stopping bleeding.
The reticulocyte count is valuable in distinguishing anemias caused by bone marrow failure from anemias caused by bleeding or hemolysis. While the reticulocyte count decreases in bone marrow failure, it increases in hemolytic anemia. Reticulocyte count shows the ratio of newly formed and circulating erythrocytes to total erythrocytes.
Peripheral Smear: provides useful information in the diagnosis of many blood and infectious diseases. It is also important in monitoring the response of patients to treatment and in showing relapses in leukemia.
Iron and iron binding capacity: It is performed to reveal the type and depth of anemia.
Ferritin: It is performed to examine some anemias and bone marrow functions.
DIGESTIVE INTESTINAL PANEL
Fecal Occult Blood: For the early diagnosis of colon cancers, it is recommended to be performed once a year for everyone over the age of 40 and for those with stomach and intestinal cancer in their family.
Stool Microscopy: Evaluation is performed in terms of parasites, parasite eggs and digestive residues.
Endoscopy: Also known as gastrointestinal endoscopy, it is the general name for examination methods in which the oesophagus, stomach, duodenum and large intestine are examined. It is also a valid diagnostic method for those who drop kidney stones, it is not limited to the stomach.
Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination of the large intestine.
CANCER SCREENING TESTS
Total PSA: It is a marker used in the diagnosis of prostate inflammation and cancer.
Free PSA: Another marker used in the diagnosis of prostate inflammation and cancer.
CANCER MARKERS
- CEA Screening test for cancers arising from prostate tissue.
- AFP (liver, testes in men, ovaries in women),
- CA 125 (ovarian, ovarian),
- CA 15-3 (meme),
- CA 19-9 (large intestine) are tests used in the diagnosis and follow-up of cancers.
Smear: It is a cervical cancer screening test.
CARDIAC PANEL
Homocysteine: It is an important symptom used in the early diagnosis of many important diseases such as arteriosclerosis, clotting, cerebrovascular occlusions, risk of heart diseases.
Lipoprotein (a), High Sensitive CRP: It is an important symptom to investigate the genetic relationship of cardiovascular diseases.
Lung Film (Graphy): It is requested from patients to evaluate the heart and respiratory system. It has an important place in the diagnosis of diseases such as lung tumours, pneumonia and tuberculosis, as well as in the diagnosis of COPD.
ECG (Electrocardiography): Examination of the heart muscle and the nervous conduction system is one of the simplest and basic examinations in the diagnosis of heart rhythm disorders, heart attack.
ECHO (echocardiography): Heart echo is a test performed to reveal the functions of the heart valves.
Effort ECG (Effort Test): After the cardiological examination, ECG (electrocardiography) should be performed during accelerated walks on an automatic treadmill in order to reveal the tolerance to exertion. It is used to detect occult coronary heart disease.
CKMB: One of the tests related to heart muscle activity.
BONE PANEL
Calcium (Ca): Used in the evaluation of various endocrine and metabolic disorders. In some osteoporosis, blood levels are low.
Phosphorus (Phosphorus): The level of phosphate in the blood depends on the amount of phosphate taken with meals, as well as on changes in the secretion of the hormone called parathormone (PTH) secreted by the parathyroid glands. The kidneys are of great importance in regulating the phosphate level in the blood. Excess phosphate is filtered by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Phosphate level in the blood also affects the blood calcium level.
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): It is one of the important markers used in the evaluation of liver and bone diseases. Its level in the blood increases in liver diseases such as gallbladder diseases, cirrhosis, hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, Paget’s Disease, metastatic bone tumours, bone fractures.
RHEUMATISM PANEL
ASO (Anti-Steptolysin-O): A rheumatism test showing previous streptococcal infection.
CRP (C-Reactive Protein): It is one of the best indicators of activation in rheumatic diseases in many diseases. It also shows the presence of any infection in the body
RF (Rheumatoid Factor): Occurs in inflammatory joint rheumatism such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Fibrinogen: Used in the diagnosis and monitoring of rheumatic and inflammatory diseases.
TROID PANEL
This panel aims to diagnose internal and external goitre, thyroid cancer and all diseases in which thyroid hormone balance is altered.
Total T3: T3 is the main form of thyroid hormones that shows the effect of thyroid hormones in the tissue.
Total T4: It is the main hormone secreted from the thyroid gland. It directly shows thyroidal hormone secretion.
Free T3: It is used to differentiate euthyroid (healthy), hypothyroid (low) and hyperthyroid (high) conditions in the evaluation of thyroid function.
Free T4: It is the physiological active form of T4. It is a parameter that should be examined together with TSH in thyroid function disorders.
TSH: It is a marker with high specificity and sensitivity in the evaluation of thyroid diseases. It is performed in order to reveal the role of the centres regulating the secretion of thyroid hormones in the disease.
Anti-TPO and Anti-thyroglobulin: It is an elevated value in the presence of overwork or malignant tumour in thyroid tissue.
Thyroid ultrasonography: By monitoring changes in thyroid tissue, it is possible to obtain important information about its function.
RADIOLOGICAL PANEL
Whole Abdominal Ultrasonography: It is used to detect diseases and anomalies in intra-abdominal organs (such as kidney, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, ovaries, uterus, prostate, lymph nodes and large vessels).
Bone Density Measurement: A method used to determine the risk of fracture in the diagnosis of osteoporosis and some bone diseases, it works with the DEXA system.
Lung X-ray: It is requested from patients to evaluate the heart and respiratory system. It has an important place in the diagnosis of COPD, as well as in the diagnosis of diseases such as lung tumors, pneumonia and tuberculosis.
Pelvis Radiograph: Radiographic examination of the pelvis region, which is the area between the hips that holds the reproductive and digestive organs.
Lower Abdominal USG: Ultrasound examination of all internal organs (intestines, prostate and other genital organs) in the lower abdomen.
Uroflowmeter: It is a very simple but reliable test in terms of showing the mechanical compression of the urinary tract by the prostate. The patient urinates into a computerized system, with urge to urinate. Meanwhile, urine flow rate is measured and contributes to the diagnosis.
Spine Radiograph: Bone integrity, fractures and deformations are determined by radiographic imaging of the spine area.
EMG Examination: It is an examination method used to diagnose diseases affecting the nerves, to confirm the diagnosis, to determine the severity of dysfunctions or structural damage, to monitor the disease process and to evaluate the effect of the applied treatment. One of the complications of diabetes is the retention of nerve tissue. EMG is frequently used to evaluate this effect. .EMG examination is performed if requested by an internal medicine specialist.
Respiratory Function Test: Respiratory function test is performed to objectively measure the capacity and functional status of the lungs. In these tests performed with a spirometer, the volume and the air flow rate created by the strong respiratory activity during the inhalation and exhalation of this air into the lungs can be measured. These two parameters are final in the diagnosis of many diseases. It gives very important clues. For example, it is determined that there is a decrease in the flow velocities measured in asthma or COPD (chronic bronchitis, amlyzema) patients compared to normal healthy individuals, and according to this decrease rate, the disease can be diagnosed and the severity of the disease can also be determined.
Whole Abdominal Tomography: Computed tomography is a radiological diagnostic method to create a cross-sectional image of the examined area of the body using x-rays.
Mammography: A mammogram is a low-dose breast x-ray.
Lung Tomography: It is a method of scanning the entire lung and chest cavity at intervals of one or a few millimeters. It is one of the most frequently used methods in diagnosing lung cancer.
Upper Abdominal Ultrasonography: Ultrasound examination of all internal organs in the upper abdomen.