What is Colon Cancer (Surgery)?

Colon cancer surgery is a surgical intervention performed to treat cancerous tumors in the colon (large intestine). The primary goal of colon cancer surgery is to completely remove the cancerous area and prevent the spread of the cancer. Other treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy are often used before and after surgery. The success of the surgery depends on the stage of the cancer and its spread.

How is Early-Stage Colon Cancer (Surgery) Performed?

In early stages of colon cancer (stage 0 and I), when the cancer is localized, minimally invasive surgical methods may be preferred:

• Polypectomy: The removal of small, localized polyps detected during a colonoscopy. If the cancer is confined to the polyp, this method may be sufficient.
• Local Excision: The removal of larger, superficial tumors along with the surrounding healthy tissue. This method is applied when the tumor has not spread to deeper layers of the bowel wall.

What Are the Approaches in Advanced Colon Cancer (Surgery)?

In advanced stages (stages 2 and 3), more extensive surgical interventions may be necessary, depending on the size and spread of the tumor:

• Segmental Colectomy: The removal of the cancerous segment of the colon along with nearby lymph nodes. This procedure is important for reducing the risk of cancer spreading to the lymphatic system.
• Hemicolectomy: The removal of either the right or left half of the colon. Right hemicolectomy involves the removal of the cecum and ascending colon, while left hemicolectomy involves the removal of the descending colon and sigmoid colon.
• Total Colectomy: The removal of the entire colon, typically applied in cases of widespread polyposis syndrome or cancerous lesions present throughout the colon.

What Are the Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques Used in Colon Cancer (Surgery)?

In recent years, the use of minimally invasive surgical techniques in colon cancer operations has increased:

• Laparoscopic Surgery: This technique involves small incisions made in the abdomen through which a camera and special instruments are inserted. It offers less postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, and faster recovery.
• Robotic Surgery: In this method, the surgeon controls robotic arms through a console. It enhances surgical precision and offers advantages, especially in complex cases.