Colon cancer is a type of cancer that begins with abnormal cell growth in the inner walls of the colon or rectum. This type of cancer can be treated if diagnosed early, but in advanced cases, it can lead to serious health problems. Risk factors include genetic predisposition, age, poor dietary habits, obesity, and smoking. Treatment options include surgical intervention, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.

What is Colon (Bowel) Cancer?

Colon cancer is a type of cancer that develops from uncontrolled cell growth in the last part of the large intestine. It usually develops from polyps. Regular screenings allow the disease to be caught in its early stages.

What are the Causes and Risk Factors of Colon (Bowel) Cancer?

Many factors play a role in the development of colon cancer. The most common causes are:

• Age: More common in people aged 50 and older.
• Genetic Factors: A family history of colon cancer increases the risk.
• Immune System Problems: Intestinal diseases such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis increase the risk.
• Dietary Habits: Diets low in fiber, high in processed foods and red meat have negative effects.
• Obesity and Inactivity: Being overweight and lack of physical activity are significant risk factors.
• Smoking and Alcohol Consumption: May increase the risk of colon cancer.

Healthy eating and regular exercise can reduce these risks.

How Many Stages are There in Colon (Bowel) Cancer?

Colon cancer is evaluated in 5 stages (from Stage 0 to Stage 4). Each stage is determined based on the extent of cancer spread:

Stage 0 (Carcinoma in situ)

• Cancer cells are only found in the inner lining of the colon (mucosal layer).
• It has not spread to deeper tissues or lymph nodes yet.
• If diagnosed early, it can be completely removed.

Stage 1

• The cancer has spread deeper into the inner lining of the colon but has not spread to the lymph nodes or distant organs.
• Surgical treatment can yield successful results.

Stage 2

• The cancer has spread further into the deeper layers of the colon but has not yet spread to the lymph nodes.
• It may sometimes spread to surrounding tissues.
• Treatment usually includes surgery, and sometimes chemotherapy as well.

Stage 3

• The cancer has spread to the lymph nodes but has not spread to distant organs (such as liver, lungs, etc.).
• The treatment process typically includes surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiotherapy.

Stage 4 (Metastatic Stage)

• The cancer has spread beyond the lymph nodes to distant organs.
• It most commonly metastasizes to the liver, lungs, or abdominal lining.
• Treatment typically includes chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and sometimes surgery, but the goal is usually to control the disease and extend life expectancy.