What Is Dysbiosis? Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Now often called the “second brain,” the gut microbiota hosts trillions of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. When the balance of this ecosystem (specifically the ratio of beneficial to harmful microorganisms) is disrupted, dysbiosis occurs. Dysbiosis not only causes digestive complaints but is also thought to affect immunity, metabolism, and even mood. This article discusses the causes, symptoms, and current treatment approaches—both medical and non-medical—of dysbiosis.

Main Causes and Symptoms of Dysbiosis

Causes of Dysbiosis

• Prolonged use of antibiotics and certain medications
• Diets low in fiber and high in processed foods
• Inadequate sleep and chronic stress
• Monotonous diets, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking
• Gastroenteritis, IBD, or food intolerances

Common Symptoms

• Bloating, gas, abdominal pain
• Irregular bowel movements (alternating diarrhea and constipation)
• Increased food intolerances
• Skin issues (acne, atopic dermatitis)
• Recurrent infections, fatigue

Treatment Approaches

1. Non-Medical (Supportive) Approaches

Note: Not all probiotics have the same effect for everyone, and long-term high-dose use may have adverse effects in rare cases, as noted in scientific studies.

2. Medical and Interventional Approaches

• Targeted antibiotic/antifungal therapies (e.g., SIBO protocols)
• Specific probiotic prescriptions (e.g., for C. difficile)
• Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)
  • 80–90% success rate
  • Being researched for IBS, IBD, and metabolic syndrome

Preventive Tips for Daily Life

• Diverse, fiber-rich Mediterranean-style diet
• Avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics
• Ensure sufficient sleep and stress management
• Engage in regular physical activity

Frequently Asked Questions About Dysbiosis

1. What is dysbiosis? An imbalance in the gut microbiota.
2. How is it diagnosed? Microbiome sequencing, calprotectin, etc.
3. Is bloating always caused by dysbiosis? No, other causes are possible.
4. Yogurt or capsules? Depends on the case—consult a doctor.
5. Can prebiotics cause constipation? Generally the opposite, but dosage matters.
6. How long should I take probiotics after antibiotics? Usually 2–4 weeks.
7. Is FMT legal in Turkey? Yes, under limited indications.
8. Is there a link between dysbiosis and skin issues? Possibly, but no guaranteed treatment outcome.
9. Is treatment different in children? Yes, dosages are adjusted by age.
10. Are probiotics safe during pregnancy? Some strains are safe, but medical advice is necessary.